2014年盈江双震的破裂历史   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

许力生  严川  张旭  付虹  李春来  郭祥云 《地球物理学报》2014,57(10):3270-3284

2014年5月24日在云南省盈江县发生M_s5.6级地震(主震A), 于5月30日在其附近再次发生M_s6.1级地震(主震B). 我们挑选云南省地震台网记录的数字波形资料, 借助于经验格林函数技术提取了这两次地震的震源时间函数,获得了其破裂历史. 为了利用经验格林函数技术提取震源时间函数,我们首先利用优选的速度模型,采用逆时成像技术重新确定了主震A和B以及挑选的6次较大余震的震源位置,并利用双差定位技术确定了主震与余震之间的相对位置;然后利用广义极性振幅技术反演了这些事件的震源机制;最后,根据主震和余震的相对位置以及震源机制特征挑选最优台站记录,提取了两个主震的震源时间函数. 结果表明,主震A持续时间约3.5 s, 分两个阶段,第一阶段0~1.3 s, 第二阶段1.3~3.5 s;主震B持续时间约5.0 s, 其过程比A复杂,至少可以分为五个阶段,第一阶段0~0.7 s, 第二阶段0.7~1.6 s, 第三阶段1.6~2.5 s,第四阶段2.5~3.8 s,第五阶段3.8~5.0 s.  相似文献   

利用区域宽频带数据反演鲁甸M_S6.5级地震震源破裂过程          下载免费PDF全文

刘成利  郑勇  熊熊  付芮  单斌  刁法启 《地球物理学报》2014,57(9):3028-3037

基于有限断层模型反演方法,我们利用区域宽频带数据反演得到了2014年8月3日鲁甸M_S6.5级地震的震源破裂过程.反演结果显示：此次地震的发震断层走向为北北西向,破裂主要以左旋走滑为主,位移主要发生在震源左上方,最大滑动量为0.7 m,模型显示断层破裂可能接近地表,破裂长度约10 km.此次地震释放的标量地震矩为1.97×10¹⁸ N·m,相当于矩震级为M_w 6.1,地震能量主要在前15 s释放.鲁甸地震有四个显著的特点：（1）位移主要集中在浅部,从11 km起破点开始迅速向上传播,大部分位于10 km以上且最大位移位于深度3 km处,从模型来看,破裂可能接近地表,因此地表震动较为强烈;（2）应力降比较大,计算显示释放的同震静态应力降约为2.8 MPa;（3）破裂速度较快,在地表附近超过了2.5 km·s^-1;（4）主震可能发生在一个共轭断层系上.这四个特点可能是导致此次地震造成如此重大人员伤亡和财产损失的最重要的原因.  相似文献   

The use of mycorrhiza for eco‐engineering measures in steep alpine environments: effects on soil aggregate formation and fine‐root development          下载免费PDF全文

Alexander Bast  Wolfgang Wilcke  Frank Graf  Peter Lüscher  Holger Gärtner 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2014,39(13):1753-1763

Steep erosion‐prone and vegetation‐free slopes are widespread in alpine areas and are often discussed since they have a high socio‐economic damage potential. We present an eco‐engineering approach to test whether a mycorrhizal inoculum improves the establishment of hedge brush layers and in turn soil structural stability on a steep, coarse‐grained vegetation‐free slope in the eastern Swiss Alps. We established (i) mycorrhizal and (ii) non‐mycorrhizal treated eco‐engineered research plots on a field experimental scale, covering a total area of approximately 1000 m² on an east‐northeast (ENE) exposed slope, where many environmental parameters can be regarded as homogeneous. After a full vegetation period, we quantified soil aggregate stability, the formation of water stable aggregates and the fine‐root development. Our results illustrate that the establishment of brush layers without mycorrhizal inoculum increased aggregate stability significantly. Against our expectation and glasshouse experiments, the addition of mycorrhizal inoculum did not have a statistically significant effect after one vegetation period although it tended to increase aggregate stability. Analogously, root length density (RLD) tended to be higher at the non‐mycorrhizal treated site. Aggregate stability was significantly correlated with RLD. Studies on a bigger field experimental scale are inevitable, complement glasshouse studies and lead to a better understanding for a successful application of sustainable eco‐engineering measures in alpine environments. Based on our results and considering the fact that the response time in natural ecosystems may be slower than in laboratory approaches, we conclude that long‐term field studies are necessary to validate results gained through laboratory experiments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

华北平原冬小麦根系在土壤中的分布研究   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

廖荣伟  刘晶淼  白月明  安顺清  梁宏  卢建立  乐章燕  曹玉静 《气象与环境学报》2014,30(5):83-89

小麦根系在土壤中的分布是准确量化植被与气候相互作用不可缺少的参数,也是小麦生产的科学管理和节水农业发展的重要科学依据。利用中国气象局固城生态环境与农业气象试验站大型根系观测系统,观测冬小麦“济麦-22”的根系参数,对根长、根长密度、根重密度和根系粗度在土壤中的垂直分布进行分析。结果表明：垂直方向上,冬小麦的根量（根长和根干重）随土壤深度增加呈减少分布。重旱、轻中旱、适宜和偏湿4种处理的根长垂直分布与自然对照的相关系数分别为0.91、0.29、0.90和0.86,其中重旱与自然对照的相关性最好,轻中旱较差。土壤水分可以影响冬小麦根系的生长。土壤水分充足时,有利于根系生长,使表层根系量增多,根干物质量增加;土壤水分亏缺时,则相反。轻度干旱有利于中下层根系的延伸生长。冬小麦的根长密度与根重密度的相关系数呈显著的正相关,根系粗度随土壤深度的增加减少。  相似文献   

四川芦山M_s7.0级强烈地震震源运动学特征          下载免费PDF全文

赵旭  黄志斌  房立华  李强  赵博  苗春兰 《地球物理学报》2014,57(2):419-429

使用中国数字地震台网记录的区域宽频带波形,通过频率域和时间域多步反演,研究了2013年四川芦山“4·20”7.0级强烈地震的震源运动学特征.基于点源的震源机制解揭示：地震发震断层面参数分别为走向214°/倾角47°/滑动角96°,表现为一次高倾角的逆冲型事件.矩心在水平方向上位于震中（30.303°N/102.988°E）西南向约4.5 km,矩心深度约17 km.平均总标量地震矩M₀为1.16×10¹⁹ N·m,矩震级M_w约6.6.进一步模拟高达0.5 Hz高频波形,获得了芦山地震破裂过程图像,结果显示：此地震为一次不对称双侧破裂事件.破裂半径约15 km,整个破裂面积为706.7 km²,平均滑动量约0.231 m.破裂在8 s内释放了大多数能量.震后0~3 s内,破裂以孕震点为中心向四周同时扩展,3 s后,破裂表现出明显的方向性,主要向北北东扩展,导致位于震中北东向多数台站视破裂持续时间总体偏小,最小值为4 s.破裂约8 s后基本停止.  相似文献   

Rupture pattern of the Oct 23, 2011 Van-Merkez,Eastern Turkey earthquake          下载免费PDF全文

Hao Zhang  Zengxi Ge 《地震科学（英文版）》2014,27(3):257-264

High-frequency rupture process of the Oct 23, 2011 Van-Merkez earthquake is imaged by back-projection method using high-quality teleseismic P wave data from the US Array, and prestack Kirchhoff migration using P wave data from a subarray of global seismic networks. The rupture model with two asperities is confirmed by previous two methods. In low-frequency imaging, a large asperity derived from the migration method corresponds to the second one from the high-frequency P waves. The consistency of the locations of asperities from datasets with different frequency bands indicates that there is possible insignificance of the frequency-dependent feature for the earthquake. The resultant images illustrate the spatial and temporal evolution of the rupture, which mainly propagated WSW over a length of 33 km during the first 18 s, accompanying with bursts of two asperities at 3 and 11–13 s. The rupture direction is confirmed by the S wave corner frequency variations of strong ground accelerations. The rupture fronts are mainly located at the updip of the causative fault. Based on polarities of the P waveforms and focal mechanisms of the mainshock and aftershocks, the failure of these two asperities is determined to have occurred on a reverse fault with a dip angle of 47°. Hence, the rupture pattern of the 2011 Van-Merkez earthquake was dominated by a unilateral rupture toward the west-southwest direction.  相似文献   

1999年台湾集集地震震源破裂过程   总被引：21，自引：5，他引：16       下载免费PDF全文

王卫民  赵连锋  李娟  姚振兴 《地球物理学报》2005,48(1):132-147

使用GPS同震位移资料和远场P波记录,研究了1999年台湾集集地震震源破裂过程．根据地质构造和余震分布引入了一个由弯曲断层面构造的三段“铲状”断层模型．在使用静态GPS位移资料反演集集地震的断层破裂滑动分布时,由于集集地震断层北部近地表破裂的复杂性,在位错模型中考虑拉张分量对地表同震位移的贡献,可更好地同时拟合GPS观测资料的水平和垂向分量．而纯剪切位错弹性半空间模型和分层地壳模型都无法同时拟合水平和垂向GPS观测资料．在此基础上,同时使用静力学同震位移资料和远场地震波形记录,反演集集地震的震源破裂过程．结果表明,一种垂直于断层面的“挤压性”(负)拉张分量几乎集中分布于地震断层的浅部和北部转折处,而这一带地表破裂远较没有(负)拉张分量出现的南部断层复杂．“冒起构造”的数字模拟表明,这种在集集地震破裂转折处及北部断裂带广为出现的典型破裂造成的地表位移可以用具有负拉张分量(挤压)的逆冲断层更好地模拟．而这种负拉张分量(挤压)的分布正是地震破裂性质和几何复杂性的综合反映,震源破裂过程也显示北部转折处破裂在空间和时间上的复杂性.高滑区域与余震分布表现为负相关.  相似文献   

植物正构烷烃及其单体氢同位素在古环境研究中的应用   总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4  

张杰  贾国东 《地球科学进展》2009,24(8):874-881

正构烷烃是植物类脂的重要组成部分,主要用来维持叶片表面的水分平衡,其平均碳链长度(ACL)作为植物对水分胁迫程度的生理性反映,与植物进化程度存在表观上的联系。高等植物来源烷烃的ACL高于低等植物和水生藻类,裸子植物高于被子植物,C4植物高于C3植物,因此植物正构烷烃具备粗略的植物分类学意义,并在古环境研究中被广泛应用。在河口和海洋沉积物中主要用来判断水生低等植物和陆地高等植物的相对贡献,在古土壤中则用来区分草本/木本植物的消长变化。植物烷烃中的氢元素主要来自光合作用时吸收的环境水,其δD主要受环境条件和生物化学过程影响,但环境条件、气候状况和植被类型的影响可以在很大程度上相互抵消,使烷烃δD具有记录大气降水δD的潜力,从而可以用来重建大气降水δD并反演气候变化。  相似文献   

Length‐mass models for some common New Zealand littoral‐benthic macroinvertebrates,with a note on within‐taxon variability in parameter values among published models     

Rick J. Stoffels  Stefanie Karbe  Rachel A. Paterson 《新西兰海洋与淡水研究杂志》2013,47(2):449-460

Regression models are developed and presented to predict dry mass (mg) from two linear dimensions (mm) for 17 benthic macroinvertebrate taxa common to littoral zones of New Zealand lakes. We also provide regression models to predict body length from head capsule width for the major insect taxa. Dry mass was best explained as a power function of all linear dimensions: M = aL _b .Parameters are presented in the log₁₀‐transformed linear form of this power function. Body length was a simple linear function of head capsule width for all insect taxa, hence parameters for these models are presented as untransformed values. We also provide family level models for the Chironomidae, and compare our chironomid body length‐mass model with other published Chrionomidae length‐mass models. There was a very high degree of variability in parameter values among published length‐mass models for the family Chironomidae (mean coefficient of variation for mass at length = 148%). We discuss the potential causes and implications of this variability.  相似文献   

消除EMD 边界效应的四中点估计方法     

张立振  刘坦然  魏恩泊 《海洋科学》2013,37(4):103-110

为了快速高效地实现信号的本征模态分解,消除分解过程中边界效应,在 Directly-Mean EMD方法的基础上,通过引入左、右待估中点和左、右延拓中点,并根据信号首尾两端各种可能的情况给出了四中点估计公式,建立了可完全消除边界效应的Directly-Mean EMD四中点估计方法。该方法不仅减少了样条插值次数,提高分解速度,而且还可以有效避免因插值节点过于稀疏所产生的大幅波动,使分解结果更加准确。将新方法应用于日长数据序列的本征模态函数分解,得到了满意的分解结果。  相似文献